Evaluation of Various Types of Alginate Inks for Light-Mediated Extrusion 3D Printing.

Naturally derived biopolymers modifying or combining with other components are excellent candidates to promote the full potential of additive manufacturing in biomedicine, cosmetics, and the food industry. This work aims to develop new photo-cross-linkable alginate-based inks for extrusion 3D printing. Specifically, this work is focused on the effect of the addition of cross-linkers with different chemical structures (polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide (NMBA), and acrylic acid (AA)) in the potential printability and physical properties of methacrylated alginate (AlgMe) hydrogels. Although all inks showed maximum photo-curing conversions and gelation times less than 2 min, only those structures printed with the inks incorporating cross-linking agents with flexible and long chain structure (PEGDA and AA) displayed acceptable size accuracy (~0.4-0.5) and printing index (Pr ~1.00). The addition of these cross-linking agents leads to higher Young's moduli (from 1.6 to 2.0-2.6 KPa) in the hydrogels, and their different chemical structures results in variations in their mechanical and rheological properties. However, similar swelling ability (~15 swelling factor), degradability (~45 days 100% weight loss), and cytocompatibility (~100%) were assessed in all the systems, which is of great importance for the final applicability of these hydrogels.

Perceived Detention Environment and Mental Health of Detainees in Immigration Detention Centers in Spain.

The increase in migratory flows worldwide has led to the creation of detention centers as a form of control of irregular migration. Recipient countries are responsible for protecting detainees' right to mental health, but the literature suggests that immigration detention centers are environments associated with complex mental health needs among the detainees. This study aims to approach the mental health of people detained in the immigration detention centers in Spain, a southern border of Europe. Eighty-seven migrants coming from different Latin American and African countries were interviewed using an adaptation of the Measure of Quality of Life in Detention (MQLD; Bosworth & Gerlach, 2020) to measure the perceived detention environment and The Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25; Derogatis et al., 1974) to assess mental health. The results show a high prevalence of detainees with significant levels of anxiety and depression (69%) and attempts at self-harm within the detention centers (19.5%). A more positive perception of the detention environment-especially concerning institutional decency and the relationship with officers-is related to a lower degree of negative mental health symptoms. Finally, people detained for more than 2 weeks assess the detention environment more negatively than those detained for less time. Scientific contributions and social implications to ensure the mental health of detainees from a human rights-based approach are discussed.

Catalyst-Free Amino-Yne Click Reaction: An Efficient Way for Immobilizing Amoxicillin onto Polymeric Surfaces.

Surface modifications play a crucial role in enhancing the functionality of biomaterials. Different approaches can be followed in order to achieve the bioconjugation of drugs and biological compounds onto polymer surfaces. In this study, we focused on the immobilization of an amoxicillin antibiotic onto the surface of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) using a copper-free amino-yne click reaction. The utilization of this reaction allowed for a selective and efficient bioconjugation of the amoxicillin moiety onto the PLLA surface, avoiding copper-related concerns and ensuring biocompatibility. The process involved sequential steps that included surface activation via alkaline hydrolysis followed by an amidation reaction with ethylendiamine, functionalization with propiolic groups, and subsequent conjugation with amoxicillin via a click chemistry approach. Previous amoxicillin immobilization using tryptophan and fluorescent amino acid conjugation was carried out in order to determine the efficacy of the proposed methodology. Characterization techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)-Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, surface imaging, water contact angle determination, and spectroscopic analysis confirmed the successful immobilization of both tryptophan and amoxicillin while maintaining the integrity of the PLLA surface. This tailored modification not only exhibited a novel method for surface functionalization but also opens avenues for developing antimicrobial biomaterials with improved drug-loading capacity.

Strategies for Promoting Reading Competence: Teaching Practices and Enjoyment of Reading.

BACKGROUND: Reading literacy is key for personal development and educational success. Previous studies have examined variables that influence and enhance development of reading literacy in specific contexts. However, there is no consensus about which teaching practices encourage development of reading in different settings. The aim of this study was to evaluate how educational strategies influence the development of reading literacy and to analyse their predictive capacity in various cultural, educational and social contexts. METHOD: The study used data from 294,527 students from 37 countries collected as part of the PISA 2018 study. The data were analysed using an adaptation of the Difference in Differences methodology, which allowed us to isolate the effects of the factors on the acquisition of reading literacy. RESULTS: Students who enjoyed reading and explicitly used an effective reading strategy had reading scores that outperformed their mathematics results on the PISA scale by 4 to 9 points on average. CONCLUSIONS: Identifying key factors in the acquisition of reading literacy­such as enjoyment of reading­and the use of effective strategies­such as summarizing texts­underscores the need for suitably targeted educational policies.

Treosulfan-Based Conditioning Regimen In Pediatric Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: A Retrospective Analysis on Behalf of the Spanish Group for Hematopoietic Transplantation and Cellular Therapy (GETH-TC).

Increasing data on treosulfan-based conditioning regimens before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) demonstrate the consistent benefits of this approach, particularly regarding acute toxicity. This study aimed to describe the results of treosulfan-based conditioning regimens in children, focusing on toxicity and outcomes when used to treat both malignant and nonmalignant diseases. This retrospective observational study of pediatric patients treated in Spain with treosulfan-based conditioning regimens before HSCT was based on data collection from electronic clinical records. We studied a total of 160 treosulfan-based conditioning HSCTs to treat nonmalignant diseases (n = 117) or malignant diseases (n = 43) in 158 children and adolescents. The median patient age at HSCT was 5.1 years (interquartile range, 2 to 10 years). The most frequent diagnoses were primary immunodeficiency (n = 42; 36%) and sickle cell disease (n = 42; 36%) in the nonmalignant disease cohort and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 15; 35%) in the malignant disease cohort. Engraftment occurred in 97% of the patients. The median times to neutrophil engraftment (17 days versus 14 days; P = .008) and platelet engraftment (20 days versus 15 days; P = .002) were linger in the nonmalignant cohort. The 1-year cumulative incidence of veno-occlusive disease was 7.98% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.6% to 13.6%), with no significant differences between cohorts. The 1-year cumulative incidence of grade III-IV acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was higher in the malignant disease cohort (18% versus 3.2%; P = .011). Overall, the malignant cohort had both a higher total incidence (9% versus 3%; P < .001) and a higher 2-year cumulative incidence (16% versus 1.9%; P < .001) of total chronic GVHD. The 2-year cumulative transplantation-related mortality was 15%, with no difference between the 2 cohorts. The 5-year overall survival was 80% (95% CI, 72% to 86%) and was higher in the nonmalignant cohort (87% versus 61%; P = .01). The 2-year cumulative incidence of relapse was 25% in the malignant cohort. The 5-year cumulative GVHD-free, relapse-free survival rate was 60% (95% CI, 51% to 70%) and was higher in the nonmalignant cohort (72% versus 22%; P < .001). A treosulfan-based radiation-free conditioning regimen is feasible, achieving a high engraftment rate and 5-year overall survival, and is an emerging option for the first HSCT in nonmalignant diseases.

Evidence for Test Validation: A Guide for Practitioners.

BACKGROUND: Validity is a core topic in educational and psychological assessment. Although there are many available resources describing the concept of validity, sources of validity evidence, and suggestions about how to obtain validity evidence; there is little guidance providing specific instructions for planning and carrying out validation studies. METHOD: In this paper we describe (a) the fundamental principles underlying test validity, (b) the process of validation, and (c) practical guidance for practitioners to plan and carry out sufficient validity research to support the use of a test for its intended purposes. RESULTS: We first define validity, describe sources of validity evidence, and provide examples where each of these sources are addressed. Then, we describe a validation agenda describing steps and tasks for planning and developing validation studies. CONCLUSIONS: Finally, we discuss the importance of addressing validation studies from a comprehensive approach.

[Well differentiated papillary mesothelioma: description of three case reports and review of the literature]. / Mesotelioma papilar bien diferenciado: descripción de tres casos y revisión bibliográfica.

Well Differentiated Papillary Mesothelioma (MPBD) is a very rare neoplasm that mainly affects women of reproductive age. The most common location is the peritoneum and it is an incidental finding, with a generally favorable prognosis. We present three cases diagnosed incidentally, in the course of a surgical intervention of various causes, which presented as peritoneal exophytic lesions not detected in the pre-surgical imaging study. It is important to keep this entity in mind, to differentiate it from other neoplasms with an unfavorable prognosis and evolution, such as Malignant Mesothelioma or primary and metastatic carcinomas. Recent studies give the MPBD a specific immunohistochemical and molecular profile that allow a greater diagnostic precision of the entity.

Mesotelioma papilar bien diferenciado: descripción de tres casos y revisión bibliográfica / Well differentiated papillary mesothelioma: description of three case reports and review of the literature

El mesotelioma papilar bien diferenciado (MPBD) es una neoplasia muy infrecuente que afecta fundamentalmente a mujeres en edad reproductiva. La localización más habitual es el peritoneo y se trata de un hallazgo incidental, con un pronóstico generalmente favorable. Presentamos tres casos diagnosticados de manera incidental, en el trascurso de una intervención quirúrgica de causas diversas, que se presentaron como lesiones exofíticas peritoneales no detectadas en el estudio de imagen prequirúrgico. Es importante tener presente esta entidad para diferenciarla de otras neoplasias de pronóstico y evolución desfavorable, como el mesotelioma maligno o carcinomas primarios y metastásicos. Estudios recientes le confieren al MPBD un perfil inmunohistoquímico y molecular específico que permiten una mayor precisión diagnóstica de la entidad.(AU)

Well Differentiated Papillary Mesothelioma (MPBD) is a very rare neoplasm that mainly affects women of reproductive age. The most common location is the peritoneum and it is an incidental finding, with a generally favorable prognosis. We present three cases diagnosed incidentally, in the course of a surgical intervention of various causes, which presented as peritoneal exophytic lesions not detected in the pre-surgical imaging study. It is important to keep this entity in mind, to differentiate it from other neoplasms with an unfavorable prognosis and evolution, such as Malignant Mesothelioma or primary and metastatic carcinomas. Recent studies give the MPBD a specific immunohistochemical and molecular profile that allow a greater diagnostic precision of the entity.(AU)

Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological well-being of migrants and refugees settled in Spain.

OBJECTIVES: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated health inequalities worldwide, having a disproportionately harsh impact on unprivileged populations such as migrants and refugees. These populations are often more exposed to the virus, but less protected, while at the same time being at higher risk of suffering from poor living and working conditions, limited access to healthcare, and discrimination by the host society, all of which is challenging to their mental health. Empirical evidence on how the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting migrants and refugees is required to design effective actions aimed at ensuring health equity. Therefore, this paper aims to analyse how the pandemic has impacted the psychological well-being of migrants and refugees living in Spain. DESIGN: This study was carried out within the framework of the ApartTogether study sponsored by the World Health Organization. Data collection was carried out during March-November 2020, through an online survey completed by 241 participants (age: M = 37 years; 129 women). RESULTS: The results indicate that 78.7% of participants had suffered a decrease in their psychological well-being since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, with number of difficulties and worries experienced being the best individual predictors of this outcome. Enjoying social connections and perceiving positive treatment from the host society were positively associated with psychological well-being at a relational and community level, respectively. CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, we outline priority areas of psychosocial interventions aimed at guaranteeing the mental health of migrants and refugees in the face of the pandemic in Spain.

Utility of PHQ-2, PHQ-8 and PHQ-9 for detecting major depression in primary health care: a validation study in Spain.

BACKGROUND: Primary health care (PHC) professionals may play a crucial role in improving early diagnosis of depressive disorders. However, only 50% of cases are detected in PHC. The most widely used screening instrument for major depression is the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ), including the two-, eight- and nine-item versions. Surprisingly, there is neither enough evidence about the validity of PHQ in PHC patients in Spain nor indications about how to interpret the total scores. This study aimed to gather validity evidence to support the use of the three PHQ versions to screen for major depression in PHC in Spain. Additionally, the present study provided information for helping professionals to choose the best PHQ version according to the context. METHODS: The sample was composed of 2579 participants from 22 Spanish PHC centers participating in the EIRA-3 study. The reliability and validity of the three PHQ versions for Spanish PHC patients were assessed based on responses to the questionnaire. RESULTS: The PHQ-8 and PHQ-9 showed high internal consistency. The results obtained confirm the theoretically expected relationship between PHQ results and anxiety, social support and health-related QoL. A single-factor solution was confirmed. Regarding to the level of agreement with the CIDI interview (used as the criterion), our results indicate that the PHQ has a good discrimination power. The optimal cut-off values were: ⩾2 for PHQ-2, ⩾7 for PHQ-8 and ⩾8 for PHQ-9. CONCLUSIONS: PHQ is a good and valuable tool for detecting major depression in PHC patients in Spain.

Evidence for Test Validation: A Guide for Practitioners / Evidencias Sobre la Validación de los Tests: una Guía Práctica

Background: Validity is a core topic in educational and psychological assessment. Although there are many available resources describing the concept of validity, sources of validity evidence, and suggestions about how to obtain validity evidence; there is little guidance providing specific instructions for planning and carrying out validation studies. Method: In this paper we describe (a) the fundamental principles underlying test validity, (b) the process of validation, and (c) practical guidance for practitioners to plan and carry out sufficient validity research to support the use of a test for its intended purposes. Results: We first define validity, describe sources of validity evidence, and provide examples where each of these sources are addressed. Then, we describe a validation agenda describing steps and tasks for planning and developing validation studies. Conclusions: Finally, we discuss the importance of addressing validation studies from a comprehensive approach.(AU)

Antecedentes: La validez es un tema central en la evaluación psicológica y educativa. A pesar de que la literature disponible recoge numerosos recursos en los que se describe el concepto de validez, las fuentes de evidencia y se aportan sugerencias sobre cómo obtener evidencias de validez, apenas existen guías que proporcionen instrucciones específicas para planificar y desarrollar estudios de validación. Método: El presente artículo describe (a) los principios fundamentales en los que se sustenta la validez de los test, (b) el proceso de validación, y (c) una guía práctica para planificar y recoger evidencias de validez que apoyen el uso de un test para alcanzar el objetivo previsto. Resultados: En primer lugar, se describe el concepto de validez y las fuentes de evidencia, aportando ejemplos específicos donde se abordan cada una de ellas. A continuación, se describe una agenda de validación en la que se enumeran los pasos y tareas necesarios para planificar y completar un estudio de validación. Conclusiones: Finalmente, se discute la relevancia de adoptar una aproximación comprehensiva al abordar estudios de validación.(AU)

Strategies for Promoting Reading Competence: Teaching Practices and Enjoyment of Reading / Estrategias Para Fomentar la Competencia Lectora: Prácticas Docentes y Disfrute de la Lectura

Background: Reading literacy is key for personal development and educational success. Previous studies have examined variables that influence and enhance development of reading literacy in specific contexts. However, there is no consensus about which teaching practices encourage development of reading in different settings. The aim of this study was to evaluate how educational strategies influence the development of reading literacy and to analyse their predictive capacity in various cultural, educational and social contexts. Method: The study used data from 294,527 students from 37 countries collected as part of the PISA 2018 study. The data were analysed using an adaptation of the Difference in Differences methodology, which allowed us to isolate the effects of the factors on the acquisition of reading literacy. Results: Students who enjoyed reading and explicitly used an effective reading strategy had reading scores that outperformed their mathematics results on the PISA scale by 4 to 9 points on average. Conclusions: Identifying key factors in the acquisition of reading literacy—such as enjoyment of reading—and the use of effective strategies—such as summarizing texts—underscores the need for suitably targeted educational policies.(AU)

Antecedentes: La competencia lectora es clave para el crecimiento personal y el éxito educativo. Estudios previos han analizado las variables que potencian la competencia lectora en contextos específicos. Sin embargo, no existe consenso sobre las prácticas docentes que favorecen la evolución de esta competencia en distintos contextos. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la influencia de las estrategias educativas en el desarrollo de la competencia lectora y analizar su capacidad predictiva en distintos contextos culturales, educativos y sociales. Método: Se utilizaron datos de 294.527 alumnos de 37 países recogidos en el estudio PISA 2018. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante una adaptación de la metodología Diferencias en Diferencias, que permitió aislar el efecto de los factores sobre la competencia lectora. Resultados: Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes que disfrutan leyendo y utilizan explícitamente una estrategia de lectura eficaz superan entre 4 y 9 puntos de media los resultados en matemáticas en la escala de PISA. Conclusiones: La identificación de factores clave en la adquisición de la competencia lectora, como el disfrute de la lectura y la utilización de estrategias eficaces de comprensión y síntesis de textos escritos, enfatiza la necesidad de generar políticas educativas orientadas a su desarrollo. (AU)

Feasibility, acceptability and effects of dance therapy in stroke patients: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Stroke is the leading cause of non-traumatic disability in adults, with balance and gait disturbances representing the main limitations of body functions. Dance therapy (DT) has shown positive effects in older adults and in patients with neurological pathologies. This systematic review aims to examine the feasibility, acceptability and effects of DT in stroke rehabilitation, specifically on functional gains of gait and balance. METHODS: A systematic search was carried out for articles published in the MEDLINE, PEDro, Web of Science, Scopus and CINHAL in February 2021 and updated in April 2021. RESULTS: Eight studies were included (2 clinical cases, 5 case series and 1 randomized controlled trial), 7 of them in patients with chronic stroke and only 1 in subacute stroke phase. The most widely used dance modality was tango and ballet, with sessions ranging from 30 to 110 min. DT seems to show positive effects on post-stroke body functions and activities such as gait and balance. Reported dropout rates are inconsistent, no adverse effects were reported, and participant satisfaction was high. CONCLUSION: Given the heterogeneity and uneven quality of the included studies, strong conclusions cannot be put forward on the effectiveness of DT in post-stroke body function and activities. Nevertheless, DT seems to be safe and acceptable therapy for patients, and no adverse effects have been reported. More studies with a high level of evidence and feasibility are needed to determine the patient profile, the characteristics of the intervention, the participation rate and the role of the rehabilitation professional most likely to generate optimal benefit.

Self-healing, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory chitosan-PEG hydrogels for ulcerated skin wound healing and drug delivery.

Great efforts have been performed on the production of advanced biomaterials with the combination of self-healing and wound healing properties in implant/tissue engineering biomedical area. Inspired by this idea, chitosan (CHI) based hydrogels can be used to treat a less investigated class of harmful chronic wounds: ulcers or pressure ulcers. Thus, CHI was crosslinked with previously synthesized polyethylene glycol diacid (PEG-diacid) to obtain different CHI-PEG hydrogel formulations with high H-bonding tendency resulting in self-repair ability. Here presented results show biocompatible, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and self-healing CHI-PEG hydrogels with a promising future in the treatment of ulcerated wounds by a significant improvement in metabolic activity (94.51 ± 4.38 %), collagen and elastin quantities (2.12 ± 0.63 µg collagen and 4.97 ± 0.61 µg elastin per mg dermal tissue) and histological analysis. Furthermore, cefuroxime (CFX), tetracycline (TCN) and amoxicillin (AMX) antibiotics, and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) anti-inflammatory agent were sustainedly released for enhancing antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of hydrogels.

Effectiveness of psychological interventions in preventing postpartum depression in non-depressed women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most common disorders following childbirth. This systematic review and meta-analysis (SR/MA) aimed to assess the effectiveness of psychological interventions in preventing PPD in non-depressed women. PRISMA guidelines were followed. MEDLINE (Ovid and PubMed), PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, CENTRAL, OpenGrey, Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry and clinicaltrial.gov were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted with pregnant or postpartum (up to 12 months) women who were non-depressed at baseline were selected. The outcomes were the incidence of PPD and/or the reduction of postpartum depressive symptoms. The standardized mean difference (SMD) using random-effect models was calculated. Sensitivity, sub-group and meta-regression analyses were performed. 17 RCTs were included in the SR and 15 in the MA, representing 4958 participants from four continents. The pooled SMD was -0.175 [95% confidence interval (CI) -0.266 to -0.083; p < 0.001] and sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of this result. Heterogeneity was low (I2 = 21.20%) and was fully explained by a meta-regression model including one variable (previous deliveries). The meta-regression model and MA stratified by previous deliveries indicated that interventions focused on primiparous women are more effective. There was no evidence of publication bias. Few RCTs had an overall low risk of bias. According to GRADE, the quality of evidence was moderate. Psychological interventions have very little effectiveness in preventing PPD in non-depressed women, although this effectiveness is greater in interventions focused on primiparous women. Further RCTs with a low risk of bias and more effective interventions are needed.

The Development of Teachers' and Their Students' Social and Emotional Learning During the "Learning to Be Project"-Training Course in Five European Countries.

In recent years, the school curricula in many European countries have introduced social and emotional learning (SEL). This calls for the teachers to have SEL competencies. The present study evaluates teachers' and their students' readiness for SEL during an intervention in five European countries. The participants were teachers (n = 402) in five European countries; Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia, and Spain. The pre- and post-measuring points for both the intervention and the comparison group were at approximately the same time before and after the intervention. Comparison data consisted of 159 teachers in the same countries. The training for the intervention group lasted 16 h for the teachers and a maximum of 16 h for the principles and headmasters. An additional 9 h of further monitoring took place. There were two student groups participating in the study: the age group of 8-11 years (pre puberty) and the age group of 12-15-years (adolescents). Students, whose teachers had participated in the intervention, formed the intervention group (n = 2,552). Those students, whose teachers did not participate in the intervention, formed the comparison group (n = 1,730). The questionnaire data were collected at the beginning and at the end of the school year for both age groups. The results indicated that there was a favorable development in the intervention group in some of the measured skills among students, but the effects were different for the two age groups. This study adds to both theoretical and practical development of continuing teacher training about SEL and its possible role in reducing problem behavior among the students.

Bioactive Coatings on Titanium: A Review on Hydroxylation, Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) and Surface Modification Strategies.

Titanium (Ti) and its alloys have been demonstrated over the last decades to play an important role as inert materials in the field of orthopedic and dental implants. Nevertheless, with the widespread use of Ti, implant-associated rejection issues have arisen. To overcome these problems, antibacterial properties, fast and adequate osseointegration and long-term stability are essential features. Indeed, surface modification is currently presented as a versatile strategy for developing Ti coatings with all these challenging requirements and achieve a successful performance of the implant. Numerous approaches have been investigated to obtain stable and well-organized Ti coatings that promote the tailoring of surface chemical functionalization regardless of the geometry and shape of the implant. However, among all the approaches available in the literature to functionalize the Ti surface, a promising strategy is the combination of surface pre-activation treatments typically followed by the development of intermediate anchoring layers (self-assembled monolayers, SAMs) that serve as the supporting linkage of a final active layer. Therefore, this paper aims to review the latest approaches in the biomedical area to obtain bioactive coatings onto Ti surfaces with a special focus on (i) the most employed methods for Ti surface hydroxylation, (ii) SAMs-mediated active coatings development, and (iii) the latest advances in active agent immobilization and polymeric coatings for controlled release on Ti surfaces.

Predicting Student Well-Being: Network Analysis Based on PISA 2018.

The latest trends in research extend the focus of school effectiveness beyond students' acquisition of knowledge and skills, looking at aspects such as well-being in the academic context. Although the concept of well-being itself has been defined and measured in various ways, neither its dimensions nor the relationships between the components have been clearly described. The aim of the present study was to analyse how the elements of well-being interact and determine how they are influenced by school factors. To do that, we conducted a network analysis based on data from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018 international assessment. Our results demonstrated that cognitive, psychological, and social well-being variables form a solid welfare construct in the educational context, where students' resilience and fear of failure, along with their sense of belonging, play central roles. Although the influence of school factors on student well-being is generally low, teaching enthusiasm and support promote positive school climates which are, in turn, crucial in reducing bullying.

Effectiveness of psychological, psychoeducational and psychosocial interventions to prevent postpartum depression in adolescent and adult mothers: study protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of postpartum depression (PPD) is 17%, and the incidence is 12% worldwide. Adverse consequences for mothers and babies have been associated with this disease. To assess the effectiveness of psychological, psychoeducational and psychosocial interventions in preventing PPD, a systematic review and meta-analysis (SR/MA) will be conducted. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A SR/MA will be performed following the indications of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Studies will be identified through MEDLINE (Ovid and PubMed), PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, OpenGrey, Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, ClinicalTrials.gov and evidencebasedtherapy.org from inception until 31 January 2020. Bridging searches will be also conducted until the review is completed. The selection criteria will be as follows: (1) subjects will be pregnant females or females who have given birth in the last 12 months and who were non-depressive at baseline; (2) psychological, psychoeducational and psychosocial interventions; (3) comparator will be usual care, attention control, waiting list or no intervention; (4) outcomes will be specific results on PPD; and (5) the design of the studies will be randomised controlled trials. No restrictions regarding the year of publication, the setting of the intervention or the language of publication will be considered. Pooled standardised mean differences and 95% CIs will be calculated. The risk of bias of the studies will be assessed through the Cochrane Collaboration risk of bias tool. Heterogeneity between the studies will be determined by the I2 and Cochran's Q statistics. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses will also be performed. Publication bias will be checked with funnel plots and Egger's test. Heterogeneity will be explored by random-effects meta-regression analysis. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The ethical assessment was not required. The results will be presented at conferences and disseminated through publications. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42018109981.

How Schools Affect Student Well-Being: A Cross-Cultural Approach in 35 OECD Countries.

A common approach for measuring the effectiveness of an education system or a school is the estimation of the impact that school interventions have on students' academic performance. However, the latest trends aim to extend the focus beyond students' acquisition of knowledge and skills, and to consider aspects such as well-being in the academic context. For this reason, the 2015 edition of the international assessment system Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) incorporated a new tool aimed at evaluating the socio-emotional variables related to the well-being of students. It is based on a definition focused on the five dimensions proposed in the PISA theoretical framework: cognitive, psychological, social, physical, and material. The main purpose of this study is to identify the well-being components that significantly affect student academic performance and to estimate the magnitude of school effects on the well-being of students in OECD countries, the school effect being understood as the ability of schools to increase subjective student well-being. To achieve this goal, we analyzed the responses of 248,620 students from 35 OECD countries to PISA 2015 questionnaires. Specifically, we considered non-cognitive variables in the questionnaires and student performance in science. The results indicated that the cognitive well-being dimension, composed of enjoyment of science, self-efficacy, and instrumental motivation, as well as test anxiety all had a consistent relationship with student performance across countries. In addition, the school effect, estimated through a two-level hierarchical linear model, in terms of student well-being was systematically low. While the school effect accounted for approximately 25% of the variance in the results for the cognitive dimension, only 5-9% of variance in well-being indicators was attributable to it. This suggests that the influence of school on student welfare is weak, and the effect is similar across countries. The present study contributes to the general discussion currently underway about the definition of well-being and the connection between well-being and achievement. The results highlighted two complementary concerns: there is a clear need to promote socio-emotional education in schools, and it is important to develop a rigorous framework for well-being assessment. The implications of the results and proposals for future studies are discussed.